Particle (으)로 indicates methods or ways to accomplish an action, can be translated as by means of in English.

• Use 로 for words ending with vowel or consonant ㄹ
• Use 으로 for words ending with consonant

Particle 의 indicates ownership by connecting two nouns together. As a possessive particle, 의 is usually pronounced as /에/, but it could still be pronounced as /의/.

You may use 의 more than once in a phrase.

Particle 하고 means with when it is used with a noun to indicate being together.

하고 is more commonly used in the spoken language, and 와/과 are more commonly used in written form.

• Use 와 for words ending with vowel
• Use 과 for words ending with consonant

Attention: the choice of 와/과 is an exception to Consonant-Vowel Sequence in Spoken Korean.

Particle 하고 means and to connect two or more nouns. Notice that only nouns (but not phrases) can be connected by 하고.

하고 is more commonly used in the spoken language, and 와/과 are more commonly used in written form.

• Use 와 for words ending with vowel
• Use 과 for words ending with consonant

Attention: the choice of 와/과 is an exception to Consonant-Vowel Sequence in Spoken Korean.

Particle 을/를 is used with a noun which is a direct object for an action verb in a sentence.

• Use 를 for words ending with vowel
• Use 을 for words ending with consonant

For the choice of 을/를, please refer to Consonant-Vowel Sequence in Spoken Korean for more details.

Notice that 을/를 is often dropped in spoken Korean.